EV model evolution

The market for electric two- and three-wheelers has grown significantly with the launch of many models of e-scooters, e-bikes, three-wheel cargo bikes, e-motorcycles and auto rickshaws (tuk-tuks). Particular focus has been placed on improving mileage, charging time, battery management systems and connectivity, and increasing durability and ride comfort.

For light EVs, technology advancements in motors, inverters, aerodynamics, heating and battery packs are leading to greater efficiencies every year, reducing the battery size needed to cover a given range. On average, efficiencies have already improved to 150-170 Wh/km, while some vehicles are down to 147-150 Wh/km (Electric Vehicle Database, 2022).

In heavy-duty EVs, BYD, Daimler, Ford, Tesla and Volvo are already selling all-electric trucks, but increases in range are needed for long-distance use. In addition, high-powered fast charging is needed to avoid delays in operations and services. Manufacturers must consult closely with potential users especially for logistical vehicles such as delivery vans. An example is Tata Ace EV, the electric version of India’s most successful commercial vehicle, which was co-developed with users, including Amazon, BigBasket and Flipkart.

Electric buses are in use in many cities, offering one of the most successful examples of electrification in high-use vehicles. The world’s first and largest fully electric bus fleet is in Shenzhen, China. Technology advancements focus chiefly on battery range and efficiency to reduce operational costs and on digitalisation for optimal operation.